ESUS (HESUS), O DEUS GAULÊS

Eu não escrevi nada sobre o deus gaulês Esus (ou Hesus), mas eu encontrei esse conteúdo, a seguir, o qual eu achei interessante, mas não afirmo que esteja totalmente ou parcialmente correto.  

TEKTONIKS

CHRONARCHY

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The copycatters are awfully fond of this one. On the Net you'll find claims that Hesus (actually spelled "Esus" by the scholars) was a strong parallel. One site says, "The Celtic Druids depict their god Hesus as having been crucified with a lamb on one side and an elephant on the other, and that this occurred long before the Christian era (834 B.C.)" Another site says the Druids reenacted this crucifixion annually; yet another says Hesus was born of a virgin. Most of this, if not all, is apparently taken from Graves' 16 Crucified Saviors.

All very nice, but I have a question: if all of this is true, why don't scholars of Celtic mythology know anything about it?

A half-dozen books on this subject reveal a few interesting things. First of all, the scholars prefer the spelling "Esus". The closeness of "Hesus" to "Jesus" may be tempting to some copycatters, but keep in mind that neither was written originally in English; the former was in Gaelic, I would suppose based on the origin, and the latter was originally in Aramaic, asYeshua, and the Greek is Iesous. These scholars also know nothing about Esus being crucified and less than that about his fondness for odd pets, but they do know the following:

• Esus was a real nasty-gram to deal with. The first-century writer Lucan refers to the "uncouth Esus of the barbarous altars." He didn't call them "barbarous" because they needed decorating help from Martha Stewart: Esus was a guy who liked human sacrifice.
• What kind of human sacrifice? Victims would be suspended from trees and ritually wounded. Omens were read based on the pattern of the blood spurting out.
• Esus is often linked to Mercury and/or Mars as a god of war.
• Esus is depicted as a woodcutter (i.e., a lumberjack) in one early carving.
• Esus' favorite animal was neither lamb nor elephant -- he preferred birds with long necks like cranes and egrets.
• Esus is sometimes connected with Chu Chulainn.

My primary source here was McKillip's Dictionary of Celtic Mythology and Anne Ross'Celtic Britain, but other books said the same things as well.

So what's the bottom line? Those who promote Hesus as a copycat figure are spinning an enormous yarn and hanging it out to dry.

-JPH

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Esus

AKA: Essus, Esos, Hesus, Tarvos Trigaraunos.

While seemingly an important God in Gaul, there's little about Him on the 'Net. When I went looking for descriptions of Him, I found very, very little. Because of this, I've decided to grab as much information as I could, and fill a page about Esus.

This particular page will not only include what we know (concretely) about Esus, but also what I have managed to gather via worship. Because I don't want to muddle what we "know" and what I'm "guessing", I'll be certain to cite my sources, and even block off the "scholarly" work from my "conjectures". Section 1 will be about the scholarly aspects, section 2 will be my inferences from that scholarly knowledge, and section 3 will include my conjectures.

In all, please enjoy. If you have found something more worthwhile than what I have, please tell me. I want to know!

**Note 07/19/05: It has come to my attention that some people are using this webpage to prove that Esus is, in fact, Jesus, or vice versa. It is my stated conclusion that there is no evidence whatsoever that Esus and Jesus are related. There is no evidence that this is the case, and the names themselves cannot be derived from one another. Esus is derived from an Indo-European language, and Jesus is derived from a Semitic language, and they don't even mean similar things. To state that they are similar is not only incorrect, it is uninformed. It's like saying that "can't" and "cant" are related words because they look similar.

If someone feels really strongly about it, I'll be happy to exchange email with you and chat civilly about it, but my site is not "proof" of this idea. I do not support it. Esus is not Jesus. Jesus is not Esus. Period.

**Note 02/08/06: I've received a number of inquiries, so I wanted to point to a full layout of my position in this "Esus=Jesus" argument: Esus is not Jesus.

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1.

On with the scholarly aspects of Esus!

We'll start with the first of two literary primary sources on file for this God: the Roman poet Lucian!

Lucian's Pharsalia

Lucian is our first source about Esus.  He isn't noted as a great God to worship, but as this is one of two literary sources, we have to run with it:

"...and those Gauls who propitiate with human sacrifices the merciless gods Teutas, Esus and Taranis - at whose alters the visitany shudders because they are as awe-inspiring as those of the Scythian Diana."

Lucan, Pharsalia I, 422-465 (http://www.kernunnos.com/deities/Taranis.shtml)

Here's another translation, with different line numbers:

     Ligurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days
     First of the long-haired nations, on whose necks
     Once flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme;
     And those who pacify with blood accursed
     Savage Teutates, Hesus' horrid shrines,
500  And Taranis' altars cruel as were those
     Loved by Diana (18), goddess of the north;
     All these now rest in peace.  And you, ye Bards,
     Whose martial lays send down to distant times
     The fame of valorous deeds in battle done,
     Pour forth in safety more abundant song.
     While you, ye Druids (19), when the war was done,
     To mysteries strange and hateful rites returned:
     To you alone 'tis given the gods and stars
     To know or not to know; secluded groves
510  Your dwelling-place, and forests far remote.

- Lucan, Pharsalia I, 495-510 (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Pharsalia/book1.html) 

(18) This Diana was worshipped by the Tauri, a people who dwelt in the Crimea; and, according to legend, was propitiated by human sacrifices. Orestes on his return from his expiatory wanderings brought her image to Greece, and the Greeks identified her with their Artemis. (Compare Book VI., 93.)
(19) The horror of the Druidical groves is again alluded to in Book III., lines 462-489. Dean Merivale remarks (chapter li.) on this passage, that in the despair of another life which pervaded Paganism at the time, the Roman was exasperated at the Druids' assertion of the transmigration of souls. But the passage seems also to betray a lingering suspicion that the doctrine may in some shape be true, however horrible were the rites and sacrifices. The reality of a future life was a part of Lucan's belief, as a state of reward for heroes. (See the passage at the beginning of Book IX.; and also Book VI., line 933). But all was vague and uncertain, and he appears to have viewed the Druidical transmigration rather with doubt and unbelief, as a possible form of future or recurring life, than with scorn as an absurdity.

This particular version also includes the caveat: "It should be noted that, as history, Lucan's work is far from being scrupulously accurate, frequently ignoring historical fact for the benefit of drama and rhetoric. For this reason, it should not be read as a reliable account of the Roman Civil War."

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Inscriptions mentioning Esus

Recently, I stumbled across a citation in the L'année épigraphique, 1985. This inscription was found, of all places, in Cherchell, Algeria. The source is in French, and to the right, you will see the photo for the inscription:

934) P. 123, n° 154; photo, fig. 9. Fragment de stèle de marbre blanc, brisée de tous côtés, sauf à g. : 28 × 20 × 5,5 cm. Le fronton triangulaire était orné de trois rosaces et soutenu par deux colonnes. Ch. ép. sur le bandeau supérieur : 4 × 12 cm. Provient de la nécropole occidentale.

Peregrinus [---] | quod Esus fuit iuben[s---].

Peregrinus est un nom très courant. Plus surprenante est l'intervention du dieu gaulois Esus.

Correct citation of the above would read as follows:

AE 1985, 00934
Province: Mauretania Caesariensis
Location: Cherchell / Caesarea

The original publication of this inscription was in Ph. Leveau, Nouvelles inscriptions de Cherchel, BAA, t. VII, 1, 1977-1979, p. 111-192, where it read like this:

n° 154

Stèle de marbre blanc brisée en haut, à droite et en bas. L : 20 cm ; H : 28 cm ; ép. : 5,5 cm. Fronton triangulaire décoré de rosaces et soutenu par un cadre de colonnes. Champ épigraphique : H : 4 cm. H l. : 1,8 cm. Points séparatifs simples. Ligne 2, ligature VS. Nécropole occidentale.

PEREGRINVS[---
QVODESVS*FVIT*IVBEN[---

Ligne 2 : Esus est le nom d'un dieu gaulois, qu'il est étonnant de trouver ici.

The note "Ligne 2, ligature VS" explains why the word "Esus" doesn't seem to actually appear after "quod." The V and the S come together as a ligature, looking more like this: E∫∫ (special thanks to Mary Jones for spotting this and explaining the process).

Something really interesting to note is that, despite a lack of iconography associated with this particular inscription, we do appear to have a sand dollar above it (it's been pointed out to me that this is probably not the case, however, given that sand dollars have 5 slits in them). Unfortunately, the rest of the inscription and monument is missing, so whatever was on it is now lost.

While digging up the original photo for this artifact, I found something else interesting: a number of birds, trees, and anchors represented around the site on other monuments.

There's no evidence that these other monuments are related, but I found them terribly interesting primarily because of the fact that Esus is represented in Paris with a tree and birds on a pillar set up by sailors.

Food for thought, at least.

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There is a second literary source for Esus, as well. Deiniol Jones pointed this one out to me recently, and I wanted to include it here: Marcellus Empiricus of Bordeaux's De medicamentis liber. The source I have on this is "A Gaulish Incantation in Marcellus of Bordeaux" by Gustav Must, Language, Vol. 36, No. 2, Part 1. (Apr.-Jun., 1960), pp. 193-197.

Included in this article is a Gaulish incantation and its explanation. Here is the incantation:

XI EXV CRICON EXV CRIGLION AISVS SCRI SV MI0 VELOR EXV GRICON EXV GRILAV.

The article goes on to transcribe and translate the incantation"

The Gaulish incantation probably reads as follows: Xi exu cricon, exu criglion, Aisus, scri-su mio velor exu gricon, exu grilau. It means something like this: 'Rub out of the throat, out of the gullet, Aisus, remove thou thyself my evil out of the throat, out of the gorge.'

Here's what it says about the appearance of "Aisus" and how it relates to the more common transliteration of "Esus"

aisus represents the Gaulish divine name Aisus, recorded as Aisu-, Esu-, Esus, Aesu-, Aesus, Haesus, Hesus in inscriptions and in Latin manuscripts.¹⁶ The form in the present text is a masculine u-stem and stands in the vocative case; the vocative of u-stems was identical with the nominative. It is a widespread stem in religious terms and is attested in the languages of ancient Italy, e.g. Umbr. esono- 'divinus, sacer', esunu (neuter) 'sacrificium', Oscan Marruc. aisos (nom. pl.) 'dii', Paelig. aisis (dat. pl.) 'diis', Messap. aisa, which perhaps are loanwords from Etruscan, cf. Etr. aesar 'deus', aisuna 'divine'.¹⁷ Venetic aisu- 'god' also belongs here.^l8 Further, there is an interesting correspondence of these words in Old Norse, eir, f., which occurs as the name of a goddess of medicine,¹⁹ and derives from *aisa via *aizō.

 

The form aisus in Marcellus is important as a record of the god's name in a Gaulish text. As is well known, the interpretatio romana equates this god with Mercurius and Mars, and he is mentioned as one of the three principal gods of the Gauls (beside Teutates and Taranis). No wonder he was invoked by the Gauls and asked to cure a troubled throat. Although Marcellus was a Christian, many pagan elements occur in his medical instructions. The Gaulish sentence may represent an old charm formula.

Notes

^l6 - G. Dottin, La langue gauloise 60.
^l7 - Vetter, Handbuch der italischen Dialekte 1.185, 38, 282, 141, (Heidelberg, 1953); P. Kretschmer, Glotta 30.88 (1943); J . Pokorny, Idg. et. Wb. s.v.2. ais-.
^l8 - See M. S. Beeler, Venetic and Italic, Hommages d Max Niedermann 41 (1956).
¹⁹ - Sigfus Blondal, Islandsk-dansk ordbog s.v. (Reykjavik, 1920-22); Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English dictionary s.v. (2nd ed., Oxford, 1957).

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Pictures of Esus

These pictures used to be difficult to come by, though my source for them was:

Mac Cana, Proinsias. Celtic Mythology. Hamlyn Publishing, London, 1970.

Note: I recently visited the Nautes Pillar (first set of pics below) in Paris, and took pictures of the entire thing. I created a separate page for the pictures and a discussion of the pillar as a whole: the Nautes Pillar, or the Pillar of the Boatmen

I highly suggest reading the Mac Cana book. Good luck finding it outside of a library.

I'll include the captions for the pictures in this book with the page numbers. (It may go without saying, but please remember that the captions are not primary sources.)

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(Mac Cana, page 32, 33)

Reliefs from a pillar dedicated to Jupiter by the 'Parisian mariners' between AD 14 and 37 and rediscovered in 1711 under the choir of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.  One shows the god Esus cutting branches from a tree. In the other there is a similar tree with a bull surmounted by three birds. It bears the title Tarvos Trigaranus, 'The Bull with Three Cranes'. That these two adjacent scenes belong together is confirmed by a relief from Treves (page 35) in which a man, similarly dressed in short working tunic, appears to be hacking the trunk of a tree in whose foliage are visible the head of a bull and the same three birds. These three components, the sacred tree, the divine bull and the triad of otherworld birds, are familiar features of insular Celtic tradition, and obviously we have to do here wit some episode from a myth. Unfortunately its precise content can only be conjectured. Musee de Cluny, Paris.

(See further pictures, not from Mac Cana, on a separate page: the Nautes Pillar, or the Pillar of the Boatmen)

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(Mac Cana, page 35)

The relief from Treves which corresponds to the Paris reliefs of Esus and Tarvos Trigaramus. It shows a woodcutter attacking a tree on which repose three birds and the head of a bull. Landes-museum, Trier.

The American Journal of Archaeology [Vol. 1, No. 4/5 (July-Oct. 1897) pp 333-387] mentions this second relief of Esus, having this to say on the subject on p. 374-375:

"From Differten comes a sandstone relief of Mercury in Gallic costume, with herald's staff and purse, an illustration of Caesar's remark that Mercury was especially honored by the Gauls. Most important is a Gallo-Roman votive monument dedicated to Mercury by the Mediomatrician Indus. On the front, on either side of an open box, stand Mercury, with winged shoes and Gallic collar, and his Gallic mate Rosmerta. On the right side, next to Mercury, is the Gallic god Esus felling a tree, above which appear a bull's head and three large birds, symbols of the god Tarvos Trigaranus, as seen on an altar at Paris. The monument is evidence of the identity of Esus and Mercury."

There is a copy of this article on JSTOR if you have access to it.

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2.

Okay, so what do other people say about Esus? Keep in mind that this is secondary info, and not necessarily reliable. What I plan to do is put stars next to each entry detailing what I think their worth is (take that info or leave it, it's up to you).

There was a sampling above with Mac Cana's stuff next to the pictures. What else does he have to say about Esus?

The following sources have info about Esus, and I'll quote and cite them as best as I can:

Ellis, Peter. The Druids. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994. (p. 127)

Lucan adds to our knowledge of Celtic gods by stating that Esus, Taranis and Teutates were also worshipped. He refers to 'uncouth Esus of the barbarous altars' who has to be propitiated by human sacrifice. Esus appears in the guise of a muscular woodcutter on a relief dedicated to Jupiter c.AD 14-37, rediscovered in 1711 under the choir of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. A similar depiction was found from the same century at Trier.

Encyclopedia of Religion (clipped from here because it's so long, so it's on it's own page).

Green, Miranda J. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend. Thames & Hudson, March 1992. (p. 93-94)

Esus The Roman poet Lucan described in a poem, the Pharsalia, dating from the 1st c. AD, the last grate battle in the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. In it, he alludes to the journey of Caesar's troops through southern Gaul and their encounter with three Gaulish gods: Taranis, Teutates and Esus (Pharsalia I, 444-6). Lucan describes this triad as cruel, savage and demanding of human sacrifice: 'horrid Esus with his wild altars'. In later commentaries on Lucan's poem, probably dating from the 9th c. from Berne, Esus is mentioned as being propitiated by human sacrifice (see SACRIFICE, HUMAN): men were stabbed, hung in trees and allowed to bleed to death. The two commentators equate Esus with Mars and Mercury respectively, but this may not pose as great a problem as it first appears, since the word 'Esus' is not so much a name as a title, meaning 'Lord' or 'Good Master'.

Whilst the implication of Lucan's description is that Esus was an important and powerful Gaulish divinity, this is belied by the archaeological evidence in which Esus may be traced to only two monuments. The more significant stone forms part of the pillar dedicated to Jupiter by Parisian sailors in the reign of Tiberius. The block from Paris was found with five others in 1711 on the site of Notre-Dame. The Esus stone itself is inscribed with his name, and beneath this is a depiction of a muscular god chopping at a branch of a willow tree. On a juxtaposed scene is another willow, a bull and three cranes or egrets, with the inscription 'TARVOSTRIGARANUS'. Essentially similar iconography recurs on a 1st c. AD stone at Trier, where an unnamed woodcutter attacks a willow in which repose three egrets and the head of a bull.

The symbolism of the two monuments, whilst not identical, is sufficiently similar and idiosyncratic for it to be possible to identify the presence of Esus on both. In addition to the image of the woodman, the willow, the marsh birds and bull appear on the Paris and Trier images. The iconography is obscure, but there is a natural association between bulls, birds, and willows: egrets feed on parasites in cattle hide; they, like the willow, are inhabitants of marsh or water margin, and egrets nest in willows. The woodcutting scene is problematical in terms of interpretation. It has been suggested that Esus prunes the tree for sacrificial purposes. It may be that there is a cyclical imagery in the destruction and rebirth of the Tree of Life in winter and spring: the birds may represent the soul in flight, perhaps the soul of the tree itself; the bull could himself be a sacrificial beast. Seasonal imagery may also be present in the symbiotic relationship enjoyed between bull and birds, which are of mutual benefit to one another. Finally, it should be recalled that trees are associated with Esus not simply in the iconography buy also in the Berne commentaries which describe the fate of Esus' sacrificial victims.

Mac Cana 1983, 29, 33; Zwicker 1934-6, 50; Dufal 1976, 26-7; 1961, 197-9; Ross 1967a, 279; Esperandier, nos. 3134, 4929; C.I.L. XIII, 3656.

Gwinn, Christopher. Post on the Yahoo! Continental Celtic Group <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/continentalceltic> on Sat, 11 Jan 2003 20:47:33.

Esus, in my opinion, is an a-grade u-stem based on a PIE root *eis- "passion/fury" (making the name semantically the same as Germanic Wotanaz "Furious/Inspired God"). Alternately, I think it may be from PIE *ais- (2) "honor/respect".

MacCulloch, John A. Celtic Mythology. Academy Chicago Pub, February 1996. (p. 157-158)

They [the Setanii and Brigantes] had a well-known god, Esus, whom d'Arbonis identifies with Cuchulainn; whence the story (of Cuchulainn) is of Gaulish origin, perhaps taught by the Druids; and it was ultimately carried to Ulster, where it was received with enthusiasm.* The identification rests on certain figured monuments, in the persons, names, or episodes of which M. d'Arbois sees those of the saga. On one altar Esus is cutting down a tree, while on the same altar is figured a bull on which are perched three birds, this animal being entitled Tarvos Trigaranos -- "the bull with three cranes" (garanus), unless the cranes are a rebus for the three horns (karenos) of divine animals. On another altar from Treves a god is cutting down a tree, and in its branches are a bull's head and two birds -- a possible combination of the incidents on the other altar. M. d'Arbois regards this as illustrating the Tain. Esus, the woodsman, is Cuchulainn; his action depicts what the hero did -- cutting down trees to bar the way of Medb's host; "Esus" is derived from words meaning "anger," "rapid motion," such as Cuchulainn often displayed. The bull is the Brown Bull; the birds are the forms in which Morrigan and her sisters appeared,** though these bird-forms were those of the crow, not the crane; the personal names Donnotaurus is found in Gaul and is equivalent of the Donn Tarb -- the "Brown Bull."***

*D'Arbois [b], pp. 25, 65 f.,RCel xx. 89 (1899).
**D'Arbois [b], pp. 63, RCel xix. 246 (1898), xxviii. 41 (1907); cf. S Reinach, in RCel xviii. 253 f. (1897).
***Caesar, De bello Gallico, vii. 65; d'Arbois [b], p. 49, and RCel xxvii. 324 (1906).

MacKillop, James. A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press, November 2000.

Esus, Hesus. Important god of ancient *Gaul, known both from Latin commentaries and from archeological evidence; often mentioned in the company of the Gaulish gods *Taranis and *Teutates. Although he testimony of Lucan (1st cent. AD) has been challenged as biased against the Gauls and contrived to pander to metropolitan prejudices, it cannot be ignored. He portrays an 'uncouth Esus of the barbarous altars'. Human sacrifices are suspended from trees and ritually wounded; unnamed priests read omens from the way the blood ran from the wounds. Ancient scholiasts linked Esus to both *Mercury and *Mars, the latter implying that he might be a patron of war. Depictions of Esus as a woodcutter have prompted much imaginative speculation, but the earlier suggestion of a link between Esus and *Cuchulainn now seems ill-founded. One temple features three symbolic representations of *egrets; he is also associated with the *crane.

Although Esus' cult was thought confined to Gaul, the discover of *Lindow Man, the body of an ancient human sacrifice found in Cheshire in 1984, implied to some commentators the propitiation of Esus in Britain. Although Esus was worshipped in many parts of Gaul, he appears to have been the eponymous god of the Esuvii of northwest Gaul, on the English Channel, coextensive with the modern French Department of Calvados. In popular etymology his name is commemorated in the Breton town of *Esse. See Waldemar Deonnna, 'Les Victimes d'Esus,Ogam, 10 (1958), 3-29; Paul-Marie Duval, 'Teutates, Esus, Taranis', Etudes Celtiques, 8 (1958), 41-58; Anne Ross, 'Esus et les trois "Grues"', Etudes Celtiques, 9 (1960/1), 405-38.

de Vries, Jan. Keltische Religion. Stuttgart, Germany: W. Kohlhammer, 1954. Trans. David Fickett-Wilbar (and much appreciated!)

p. 97: "Hesus Mars is placated thus: men are suspended in trees even until the parts of the leg have separated."

p. 97: "They are believed to be Hesus Mercurius, if indeed he is worshiped by sailors."

p. 98: "It can hardly be ascertained where he was worshipped. The just mentioned sources point, at any rate, to a not inconsiderably widespread distribution. That his cult flourished mainly in the area around Paris is at least likely.

Three clues offer themselves to the meaning of this deity: 1. his name 2. the kind of sacrifice offered to him 3. the ritual act on the altars from Paris and Trier. We will examine them in turn.

The word "Esus" is not unknown in Gaulish. We find it in the personal names Esunertus, Esumagos, Eusmopas, Esugenus (n. 4. This name is found in Irish Eogan, in Welsh Ewein, Owain); even simply as Hesus. Perhaps also the name of the Esuvii tribe belongs to it. The explanation of this word can be broken up further, however. Dom Martin seeks a connection with the Breton word (h)euzuz, meaning "terrible." Others have thought it from Italic aisus, esus, "God," and the Etruscan Erus or also from the Latin herus, "Lord, Master." On the other hand, Vendryes explains the name from esu, "good" (cf. Gk. eus and also archaic Indic asura); but we hardly get the impression of a good god from the Berne scholia. Others would like to derive it from the Indo-European root *is, "to desire;" then arguing the sense: the one who fulfills men's desires. Perhaps better might be the derivation from the root *eis, which means "energy, passion." These are, however, only possibilities, which prove one more time that one can't come far with etymology.

That the scholia refer to horrible sacrifices also give us few clues to the significance of the god. Already the expression membra digesserit can not be understood. Must one understand by it, "to tear up, to cup up?" Or do we rather have to deal here with a disposition of the limbs after the blood has flowed out? It is important that the sacrifice would be hung from a tree, because a tree likewise stands out as full of meaning in the pictured representations. The objection that we hear only seldom of hanging rituals among the Celts and that the chopping off of lime is completely unknown [ed. note: begin p. 99] says little. What do we know about the bases of Celtic sacrifice? What the classical authors have told us of it is in any case terrible enough. If we consider the reports of these sacrificial practices reliable, Esus must seem to us to be a god of little friendliness.

Finally, the portraits from both altars. To what purpose does the god strike a tree? It seems to me completely erroneous to think of a simple forester god, and to connect Esus with clearing-work, or to see in him at all a manual laborer who provided the nautae of Paris with the necessary workforce for their ships. Likewise it is incorrect that the cutting down of trees would be regarded as a death, and then further to remind us of Maypole rituals. It seems even more to me that Esus in the picture is cutting the limbs of a tree; if one imagines that sacrifices for him were only just hung on the tree, once comes perhaps to the conclusion that god would have been shown here by the injury of a tree for the hanging-sacrifice.

We must admit, with W. Deonna, that the meaning of the myth is for us incomprehensible; perhaps the picture only refers to a single piece of the ritual. At any rate, I would like to assert that there can be not talk of a "rural" god of clearing-work. The relief of the blocks from Paris represents him in the same rank as Jupiter and Volcanus. The Berne scholiasts compare him with the great Roman god; it remains only questionable whether he is Mercury or Mars or perhaps neither of them. The Esus-complex has also been compared with Hercules, and it has been pointed out in that regard that figures of bas-reliefs with the name Smert… are themselves found; one could consequently think of a Gaulish Herakles or Donar, thus of a god of physical strength.

But that will not explain the hanging-sacrifice. When one accordingly takes this into consideration, the comparison with Mercury gains special meaning. If the German Mercury is simply Woden-Odhin, this go stands in undoubted connection with an act of sacrifice by means of hanging. It can likewise be said of both gods that they are also gods who protect travel: Odhin is called: [ed. note: obscured], thus "god of cargo;" he gives mariners good winds. The Paris altar was erected by nautae. On the other hand, one is reminded how cautious one must be with one's interpretation. Great gods are always ambivalent; their power extends into many areas of life. Odhin is not only a god of force, but of tricks and intrigues, of crafts and skillfulness. Exactly for these reasons could the mariners have worshipped him. The god to whom the hanging-sacrifice was offered was also, however, a cruel god. In that vein one could point to the name "Esus," if one accepts O'Rahilly's etymology; but also the interpretation of Vendryes deserves consideration, if one thinks that the name "the good god" is perhaps to be considered as only a euphemism.

All in all: the account of the hanging-sacrifice and the picture on the Paris altar sets out as the nearest course of assumption that Esus was a name for the head god of the Gauls and perhaps most likely to be compared to Mercury and the northern Germanic Odhin.

From http://www.britannia.com/celtic/gods/esus.html (While a travel site, it has some things to say that might be useful):

Esos

Celtic God of the Willow

Though there is no direct evidence for the worship of Esos - the ‘Good Master’ - in Britain, and little elsewhere, he is mentioned by the Roman poet, Lucan, as a powerful Celtic god encountered by Caesar’s troops in Southern Gaul. Equated with Mars, he was apparently savage, cruel and "Horrid Esus with his wild altars" demanded human sacrifices. Later commentators indicate that the male victims were stabbed, hung in trees and allowed to bleed to death. The implication is that Esos was widely reverred, but archaeological evidence is scant.

He is best attested on a large decorated pillar bearing his name, but dedicated to Jupiter. It was discovered below the Notre Dame in Paris in 1711 and depicts a muscular man chopping away at a willow tree. A juxtaposed scene shows a bull with three cranes or egrets on its back, named Tarvostrigaranus - the 'Bull with Three Cranes'. Similar iconography appears on a stone from Trier.

The symbolism is almost impossible to interpret and may relate to some long lost mythology. The Willow and the Cranes are associated with the water's edge, so perhaps Esos was a marshland god. The tree is presumably that in which his victims were sacrificed, by why he prunes it is uncertain. Possibly it shows the destruction and rebirth of the Tree of Life in Winter and Spring. The birds may represent spirits during the former process. They are natural and matually beneficial companions for the Bull, which enhances the fertility symbolism of the tree. Magical groups of three birds appear in Welsh mythology and, to the Irish, cranes may reprsent women. In this context, the Tarvostrigaranus may just possibly be represnted by a small bronze triple-horned bull figurine found at the Roman Temple within the hillfort of Maiden's Castle (Dorset). It shows three female humoid figures perched on its back.

Mary Jones, an excellent Celtic scholar, has entries on both Esus and Tarvos Trigaranus, as well as the Nautes Pillar. I would encourage you to visit her site, and so won't copy/paste the contents here.

What can we infer from these sources?

Esus is represented with certainty only three times. You see those three above, two from the Nautes Pillar and one from Trier. In the first representation, we see Esus represented as a bearded man wearing a loose tunic. His clothes are primarily dictated, I think, by the relief itself, as this representation, dated to 14 AD, is a Romanized representation. Interestingly, the term applied to a man wearing only a tunic was nudus in Latin, and thus we have a god who appears to do the work of a common man (i.e. a woodcutter) being represented on the level of that common man.

It does seem that he is cutting down a willow tree with his hand-axe, representing a possible connection with the breaking of barriers and the areas between worlds (the willow tree stands at the place between the worlds of land and water). He may also be trimming the tree with a bill-hook, possibly an indication of the need to re-work the world tree or to trim the parts of it that are dangerous or diseased.

The relation between the Esus panel and the Tarvos Trigaranus panel seems obvious, given the Trier relief. There is question about how they are related, obviously, in particular about whether they illustrate the same scene, or two different scenes. Do we take the four sides of the pillar section as one story? Could the myth be related along the entirety of the pillar, with each character playing a specific part in this mythic drama?

The representations may also be of a hero, not a god at all. If this is the case, then we may have been looking at it from a direction that prevents our understanding. We can say that a number of the figures on the Nautes Pillar are not deities, and so this may be another non-deity.

The Three Cranes:

A set of three cranes appears a few times in some Celtic lore, but the one that comes to mind most quickly is the story of Athirne the Unsociable. Whether this is connected to Esus or not is debatable at best, as the names don't seem to match up, nor does it well reflect what we see in the relief:

Athirne the Unsociable
From http://www.geocities.com/paris/arc/6084/ath-un.htm
Translated by Patrick Brown

Athirne the Importunate, son of Ferchertne: it's he who was the most inhospitable man who ever lived in Ireland. He went to Mider of Brí Léith and brought the three cranes of exclusion and inhospitality away from him to his own house, for the sake of stinginess and inhospitality, so none of them men of Ireland would visit his house expecting celebration or entertainment.

"You're not coming in," said the first crane. "Get out of here," said its companion. "Keep walking," said the third crane.

From that day on, none of the men of Ireland who saw them would go to his door.

He would never eat his fill where anyone could see him. So he went with a cooked pig and a wineskin of mead to eat his fill by himself. He was settling himself down in front of the pig and the wineskin when he saw a man coming towards him.

"You were going to eat that by yourself," said the man, striking the pig and the bottle from him.

"What is your name?" said Athirne.

"It's not well known," said the man. "Sethor Ethor Othor Sele Dele Dreng Gerce mac Gerce Ger Gér Dír Dír, that's my name."

Athirne couldn't compose a satire on that, so he didn't get the pig back. It may be that the man was sent by God to take the pig, for Athirne stopped being unsociable from then on.

It is possible that there is a connection between the Athirne and Esus myths, but I'm not sure that there is. The change from a pig to a bull is quite a large change, really, and while the cranes seem to be 

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Esus and Jesus: a false connection

I receive a lot of inquiries about whether Jesus is Esus, whether Esus is Jesus, or whether we should be able to look at Esus as some sort of "pre-Jesus Jesus" who taught monotheism to the Celts.

Most of this, of course, doesn't really deserve serious consideration. I've decided, primarily, to address the Esus-Jesus bit in FAQ form.

But look at the names! Jesus and Esus are obviously the same name/word/person!

It's a painfully obvious mistake, I'm afraid. Remember that "Esus" and "Jesus" are not only derived from entirely different languages, but from entirely different language families. Esus, of course, is Indo-European. Jesus has a Semitic derivation.

Jesus is derived from the Hebrew name, "Joshua".

LLat Iësus < Gk. Iësous < Heb. Yësûa' < yëhôsûa', Joshua

Joshua, of course, means "YHVH is salvation", coming from a combination of yehô, which is a shortened form of YHVH, and *sûa', meaning "salvation".

For all derivations, check the American Heritage College Dictionary.

When the Greeks transliterated it, it took the Hebrew name for Jesus and made it look Greek. "Jesus" is, at its root, Semitic.

Esus, on the other hand, is directly from a Proto-Indo-European root. Most likely, this root is *hes-, meaning "lord". This brings up another argument: that both names mean "lord": they do not. As shone above, "Jesus" means "Joshua", not "Lord".

But look at the name Zeus! Jesus derives from that!

Sir James George Frazer makes this argument. Jesus, apparently, can be connected to Dionysus, Apollo, Asklipeus and Zeus. I don't really have the time to go over all of them, so we'll focus on Zeus:

You cannot find "Jesus" in "Zeus". Perhaps you can find "Zeus" in Jesus, but there is no Jesus in Zeus.

I would say that the simplest solution, though, is that there is a coincidental similarity that is, at best, accidental. The person doing the transliteration probably just put a Greek ending on his best guess on what the transliteration was supposed to be for the first part. Now, whether it was later used in a comparative sense is moot: I cannot believe that someone intentionally made the name look like Zeus, mostly because it really, really doesn't look at thing like Zeus, nor would it sound anything like "Zeus", so far as I can tell.

Now, here's the big problem: Even if the name "Iësous" is derived from "Zeus", how does it then become "Esus". That "Yësûa'" might be transliterated as "Esus" is, honestly, a silly notion. And that "Iësous" would have been transliterated into "Esus" is, while slightly less silly, more unlikely: the word "Iësous" would have needed to occur before "Esus" could be derived from it, and the Celts were well-known to have a knowledge of Greek as a language.

Now, even if we assume that Esus is a reasonable derivation from Jesus, remember that 

Zeus derives from the common Indo-European root dyeu-. So are many other IE names, such as "devah" in Sanskrit and "Asmodeus" in Avestan. Would you insinuate that there is also a "Jesus" there, that the demon Asmodeus is another form of Jesus?

Okay, let's pretend that maybe the name "Esus" is somehow derived from "Jesus".

Sure, I can play that game: If "Esus" is derived from a Latinization of the Semitic name "Yësûa'", then we have to ask: can it possibly fit the time period?

The Parisii nautes altar was erected sometime between AD 14-37. The inscription on the altar clearly dates this, as it says, "Erected in the reign of Tiberius Caesar."

If we presume that Christ was crucified in about 33-36 AD, and that what we now call the Gospel was written down immediately after in Greek, we have to wonder how quickly it would have made it to Gaul. That's a long way to go, honestly. Paul doesn't start traveling until about 48 AD, over 10 years after Tiberius ceases his reign. It's not until about ten years after that he finally makes it to Rome.

If we're bound to and stuck with the idea that the name "Esus" is some form of Jesus, then we're going to have to assume that the Greeks called someone else (an earlier person) "Iësous", and that this person was important enough to be called "Iësus" in the Latin world, and then had their name changed yet again in Gaul to Esus.

Of course, perhaps we're thinking of Jesus going to Gaul early in his life (which, admittedly, makes less sense to me, I think). If that's the case, then why don't we get a Gallicized version of "Yësûa'" instead? "Esus" doesn't seem like the likely candidate for a rough translation. It makes sense that Yësûa' going into Greek would become Iësous, but I don't see the sense in Yësûa' going into Gaulish directly as Esus. In essence, I see a number of skipped steps there. Perhaps a more pressing question, though, is to wonder why there's no direct evidence in manuscripts to this spelling of "Jesus"?

The Nautes Pillar (Pillar of the Boatmen) shows the most important deities in Gaul, and Esus is represented as being like Jupiter, and so if Esus and Jesus are related, this shows his importance.

Not exactly. The Parisii nautes altar contains a sort of local pantheon, I think, rather than a "pecking order" sort of importance. The altar itself really a pillar, quite tall, that displays many, many different deities. Esus, Iovis, and Volcanus are not at the top, but Cernunnos is. Whether that makes Cernunnos more important or less is difficult to say.

But if the pillar includes "important" deities in general, then we need to think about the other deities on it as important as well: Castor and Pollux, I'm afraid, hardly seem like they were "on the level" with Iovis and the "Mars" deity on the column. Further, the nautes themselves are represented. . . so representation on the pillar does not make one automatically a powerful or important deity.

The Nautes Pillar (Pillar of the Boatmen) is a sort of "key" that links the Gaulish deities with the Roman ones, so Esus=Jesus=Jove/Cernunnos.

As to the possibility of the pillar being a sort of translation device, then we need to think about the positioning of the deities. I'd also question whether such a device would be needed, honestly, especially if we're talking about a religion that's "in transition". . . Why build a monument (perhaps the more pertinent question is "why only one?") to serve as translation? And why doesn't it appear anywhere else?

If Cernunnos is Jupiter, then why is he not on the same block? Especially if Esus is Volcanus (who he is across from) or Jovis (who he is next to)? What do the bull and the cranes have to do with this? I don't think that the translation theory of the pillar can explain it well. It falls short in too many places. I don't see a logical connect between Esus and Volcanus, or between Jupiter and Tarvos Trigaranus, which is what I'd expect. I suppose you could try and read it down, but then it becomes a Rubics cube, and we've got four deities that we need to compare, sometimes showing up in pairs with consorts.

As for the location, yes, it was found under the choir at Notre Dame. I'd say that the location, though, was of "extreme importance" because of who built it, not because it was important across Gaul. The sailors who erected it were rich. . . This much is obvious. They erected the pillar in a location that it could be seen by everyone in their tribe, and it promoted their standing in the community.

But Jesus is really C. Iulius Cæsar!

Oh, that's a good one! Really good! *laughs*

Wait, you're serious? Okay, well: let's address it seriously, then.

This argument stems from the work of Francesco Carotta, an Italian "philosopher and linguist." His position is that the "Jesus myth" is a European construct, and that Jesus and Caesar share some very similar traits. Among those mentioned are:

• Both Caesar and Jesus start their rising careers in neighboring states in the north: Gallia and Galilee.
• Both have to cross a fateful river: the Rubicon and the Jordan. Once across the rivers, they both come across a patron/rival: Pompeius and John the Baptist, and their first followers: Antonius and Curio on the one hand and Peter and Andrew on the other.
• Both have a traitor: Brutus and Judas. And an assassin who at first gets away: the other Brutus and Barabbas. And one who washes his hands of it: Lepidus and Pilate.
• Both are accused of making themselves kings: King of the Romans and King of the Jews. Both are dressed in red royal robes and wear a crown on their heads: a laurel wreath and a crown of thorns.
• Both get killed: Caesar is stabbed with daggers, Jesus is crucified, but with a stab wound in his side.
• Jesus as well as Caesar hang on a cross.
• Both die on the same respective dates of the year: Caesar on the Ides (15 th) of March, Jesus on the 15 th of Nisan.
• Both are deified posthumously: as Divus Iulius and as Jesus Christ.

To quote Carotta: "The Gospel proves to be the history of the Roman Civil war, a 'mis-telling' of the life of Caesar-from the Rubicon to his assassination-mutated into the narrative of Jesus, from the Jordan to his crucifixion. Jesus is a true historical figure, he lived as Gaius Julius Caesar, and resurrected as Divus Julius."

If you are really interested in Carotta's position, please see the press release for his book.

When I was asked to respond to this idea on a site that Carotta moderates (carotta.de), one of my postings was rejected due to "ad hominim attacks" (other discussion I was party to on this topic can befound in the forum on that site). I do feel, however, that the issue I attempted to raise does bear some thought, though, and so repost the "attack" in question in full:

As for the Jesus story not being Semetic, but European, well, that's kinda silly, and I will admit to a certain trepidation that such findings are based more on anti-Semitism than on historical fact. The connections are no more convincing than the connections that say that John F. Kennedy was Abraham Lincoln. . . Both men in the latter case also have striking similarities, but that's all they are: similarities. To postulate that one or the other did not exist, or that they were founded on the myth of the other, while interesting, doesn't seem too helpful.

Perhaps more importantly, it disregards that we have historical documentation for the spread of Christianity. The implication that the Bible is generally forged is a position that might gain favour in certain academic circles, but I don't think that describing it as a mythologized version of Julius Caesar's life is really accurate, either.

I also don't see "Iulius" becoming "Esus" in Gaul, where Ceasar's name was very, very well known.

This came at the end of a rather long post mostly about what we knew about Jesus, most of which has been re-worked for this FAQ.

I very much wish to be open about this possibility: I like creativity in scholarship, and I like to look at things from a different angle, but the concept of the Jesus story being of European rather than Hebrew origin worries me quite a bit. Consider the fact that we are taking one of the most lasting impacts of Judaism and assigning it to another culture altogether, one that has traditionally not been kind to Jews. While as a scholar I am intrigued, I am equally worried that there is something at work to remove Semitic influence and origin from one of the world's most revered myths.

That said, I have no desire to say that this argument is anti-Semitic: it is merely another facet of this strange argument that we must consider as we think about the reasons why this is so important to some people.

Anyway, here are some common things cited about the pillar that might lead a person to this opinion:

The word "Senant" appears on the pillar, in relation to the dedication. This is a reference to the Roman Senate.

The inscription reads "SENANT V[...]", and is generally interpreted to be depicting the ceremony of dedication of the monument. It occurs next to the dedication inscription.

I'm having difficulty finding a word to translate that from Latin. It may be a Gualish word, but if it is, I haven't found it yet in my dictionaries. The root may be "sen-", which means "old" or "elder" or something similar.

It doesn't seem to match up with the Senate, at all, because that word for that is certainly "senatus -us (or -i)" in Latin, and the rest of the pillar is in Latin.

Without the inscription being complete, though, it's mostly just guesswork.

The word "Senant" appears on the pillar, in relation to the dedication. The Setantii tribe had Esus as a primary god, and so this pillar is connected to the story of Chuculiann, and Chuculiann's life can also be matched to Caesar's.

The inscription reads "SENANT V[...]"

Here is the full citation that indicates that Esus is a "primary god" of the Setantii:

"They [the Setanii and Brigantes] had a well-known god, Esus, whom d'Arbonis identifies with Cuchulainn; whence the story (of Cuchulainn) is of Gaulish origin, perhaps taught by the Druids; and it was ultimately carried to Ulster, where it was received with enthusiasm."
    --From MacCulloch, John A. Celtic Mythology. Academy Chicago Pub, February 1996. (p. 157-158)

I'm not sure that I trust MacCulloch here, though. He didn't check d'Arbonis' source, I don't think, and I will freely admit that I have *no clue* who d'Arbonis is.

But it does look like a slam dunk for connecting the tribe to this area, at least until you think about it a bit.

The problem is, of course, that the Setantii (possibly a more correct spelling) are centered around Liverpool, UK, not Paris, France. It's also rather. . . unlikely that someone would spell the name of their tribe incorrectly, but the most unlikely thing is that the Parisii would have let some other tribe set up a big honkin' pillar in the center of their territory, much less identify themselves as "Sailors of the Parisii". 

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